# Program Title: Python Math Functions Demonstration
import math # math module contains most math functions
# ============================
# Constants
# ============================
pi_value = math.pi # π constant
e_value = math.e # Euler's number
print("Constants:")
print(" pi =", pi_value)
print(" e =", e_value)
print()
# ============================
# Core Functions
# ============================
num_x = 2.5 # sample value
print("Core Functions:")
print(" sqrt(2.5) =", math.sqrt(num_x)) # square root
print(" exp(2.5) =", math.exp(num_x)) # e^x
print(" log(2.5) =", math.log(num_x)) # natural log
print(" log10(2.5)=", math.log10(num_x)) # base-10 log
print(" pow(2.5,3)=", math.pow(num_x, 3)) # x^3
print()
# ============================
# Trigonometric Functions
# ============================
angle = math.pi / 4 # 45 degrees in radians
print("Trigonometric Functions:")
print(" sin(pi/4) =", math.sin(angle)) # sine
print(" cos(pi/4) =", math.cos(angle)) # cosine
print(" tan(pi/4) =", math.tan(angle)) # tangent
print(" asin(0.5) =", math.asin(0.5)) # arcsine
print(" acos(0.5) =", math.acos(0.5)) # arccosine
print(" atan(1.0) =", math.atan(1.0)) # arctangent
print()
# ============================
# Hyperbolic Functions
# ============================
print("Hyperbolic Functions:")
print(" sinh(1) =", math.sinh(1)) # hyperbolic sine
print(" cosh(1) =", math.cosh(1)) # hyperbolic cosine
print(" tanh(1) =", math.tanh(1)) # hyperbolic tangent
print()
# ============================
# Rounding Functions
# ============================
num_y = -2.7 # negative number for rounding tests
print("Rounding Functions:")
print(" floor(-2.7) =", math.floor(num_y)) # round down
print(" ceil(-2.7) =", math.ceil(num_y)) # round up
print(" round(-2.7) =", round(num_y)) # nearest integer
print(" trunc(-2.7) =", math.trunc(num_y)) # remove decimals
print()
# ============================
# Min / Max / Clamp
# ============================
num_a = 10
num_b = 20
value_to_clamp = 15
print("Min/Max/Clamp:")
print(" min(10,20) =", min(num_a, num_b)) # smaller of two
print(" max(10,20) =", max(num_a, num_b)) # larger of two
# clamp manually
clamped = max(0, min(10, value_to_clamp)) # clamp 15 to range 0–10
print(" clamp(15,0,10) =", clamped)
print()
# ============================
# Bitwise Math (Integers)
# ============================
byte_a = 0xAA # 10101010 in hex
byte_b = 0xCC # 11001100 in hex
print("Bitwise Math:")
print(" A & B =", hex(byte_a & byte_b)) # AND
print(" A | B =", hex(byte_a | byte_b)) # OR
print(" A ^ B =", hex(byte_a ^ byte_b)) # XOR
print(" ~A =", hex(~byte_a & 0xFF)) # NOT (mask to 8 bits)
print(" A << 2 =", hex((byte_a << 2) & 0xFF)) # left shift
print(" B >> 3 =", hex(byte_b >> 3)) # right shift
print()
# ============================
# Additional Useful Math
# ============================
print("Additional Math:")
print(" abs(-3.14) =", abs(-3.14)) # absolute value
print(" fmod(10,3) =", math.fmod(10, 3)) # remainder
print(" hypot(3,4) =", math.hypot(3, 4)) # sqrt(x²+y²)
print(" degrees(pi) =", math.degrees(math.pi)) # radians → degrees
print(" radians(180) =", math.radians(180)) # degrees → radians
"""
run:
Constants:
pi = 3.141592653589793
e = 2.718281828459045
Core Functions:
sqrt(2.5) = 1.5811388300841898
exp(2.5) = 12.182493960703473
log(2.5) = 0.9162907318741551
log10(2.5)= 0.3979400086720376
pow(2.5,3)= 15.625
Trigonometric Functions:
sin(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865475
cos(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865476
tan(pi/4) = 0.9999999999999999
asin(0.5) = 0.5235987755982989
acos(0.5) = 1.0471975511965979
atan(1.0) = 0.7853981633974483
Hyperbolic Functions:
sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
cosh(1) = 1.5430806348152437
tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649
Rounding Functions:
floor(-2.7) = -3
ceil(-2.7) = -2
round(-2.7) = -3
trunc(-2.7) = -2
Min/Max/Clamp:
min(10,20) = 10
max(10,20) = 20
clamp(15,0,10) = 10
Bitwise Math:
A & B = 0x88
A | B = 0xee
A ^ B = 0x66
~A = 0x55
A << 2 = 0xa8
B >> 3 = 0x19
Additional Math:
abs(-3.14) = 3.14
fmod(10,3) = 1.0
hypot(3,4) = 5.0
degrees(pi) = 180.0
radians(180) = 3.141592653589793
"""
